Saponification

 =** Saponification **=

by: Soap 1 and Soap 2 toc

 **Saponification is act of making [|soap]. Saponification happens when vegetable oil or animal fat is introduced to a strong alkali. The vegetable oil and animal fat are esters, which when mixed with the alkali breaks down the ester bond. The alkali is this situation would be sodium hydroxide([|NaOH]) or potassium hydroxide([|KOH]). NaOH and KOH are also called bases in this reaction. The saponification value amount is measure by the amount of base needed. The alkali is also commonly called "lye". A chemical reaction occurs when these substances are mix together, soap and glycerin are produced.**


 **The word Saponification is a combination of [|Latin] word "sapo" and the [|Italian] word "sapone". The "sapo" is Latin for soap, "sapone" is Italian for soap. Saponification litterally means "soap making". Saponification has been around for thousands of years, as long as people have been using soap. The earliest signs of saponification was in 2200 BC, when its formula was found written on a clay tablet. In early America soap making was very common, back in this day it was called "[|lye soap]". Now "[|lye]" is a belittling word, it hints to a soap that would [|agitate] the skin. However, in the modern day field of soap making the final product has no lye, its all been reacted out. Soap making has evolved from making it in log cabins to producing it in large factories. Handcrafted soap though is still around and has expand to making all kinds of beauty products.** 




**There are two reactions that take place with saponification, one being liquid soap and the second bar soap.** **Liquid soap is also known as soft soap and bar soap is also known as hard soap. Potassium hydroxide is the base for liquid soap. Sodium hydroxide on the other hand is use to make hard or bar soap. Potassim hydroxide and sodium hydroxide would the strong alkali, in saponification. In both reactions the alkali destroys the ester bond and produces glycerol and fatty acids.**


A reaction mechanism, also known as a reaction mechanism is a picture by picture sequence of the reaction. It goes step by step with each reaction. In this case this reaction is referred to an [|elementary reaction].

This reaction is based on substitution that has nucleophilies and acyl compounds, this substitution is also call [|nucleophilies acly substitution.] 



**Carboxylic acid, an [|alkoxide] and carbonyls group together. **

**The alkoxide becomes less acidic, this tells which direction the proton goes in.** <span style="background-color: #404040; color: #ffffff; display: block; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 110%; text-align: center;">



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 * <span style="background-color: #404040; color: #ffffff; display: block; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 110%; text-align: center;">Saponification can also be referred to as soft tissue when its turned into [|adipocere.] **

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<span style="background-color: #404040; color: #ffffff; display: block; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 110%; text-align: center;"> Information:

"What is saponification?". 12/7/09 <http://www.realhandmadesoap.com/folders/FAQ/what_is_saponification> Wikipedia. "Saponification". 12/8/09 <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saponification> Wentz, Gary. "Synthetic Soap". The Family Handyman. 12/8/09 <http://www.rd.com/advice-and-know-how/45841/article45841.html>

Pictures and Animation

Wikipedia. "Mechanisms". 12/10/09 <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saponification> "Soap". 12/10/09 <http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/webprojects2006/Macgee/Web%20Project/soap.htm> "How to make soap".gracesingsasong.12/12/09<http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4u_G9fAM>.

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