Sarin

toc = Sarin = By: Shenell



Compound name:
Isopropyl methylphosphonofluoridate

Formula:
C 4 H 10 FO 2 P

Molar Mass:
140.09





History:
> insecticides in terms of how they work and what kind of harmful effects > they cause
 * Sarin was discovered in 1938 in Germany by scientists at IG Farben attempting to create stronger pesticides. The compound was named by the four scientists who discovered it. They took the first letter from Schrader, Ambros, Rudruger, and they took the second and third letter from Linde to make S-A-R-IN. It was first introduced as a pesticide, but then changed into a weapon of mass murder and genocide. Eventually, Sarin was labeled a weapon of mass destruction and all sources of it was ordered to be destroyed. **** Production and stockpiling of sarin actually was outlawed by the Chemical Weapons Convention of 1993. It is also classified as a Schedule 1 substance. **
 * By the end of World War II a number of pilot plants were built, and a high-production facility was under construction. They were never finished, but the in the mid-1939, the formula for the agent was passed to the chemical warfare of the German Army Weapons Office. The office ordered that it be brought into mass production for wartime use. The estimates for total sarin production by Nazi Germany ranged from 500 kg to 10 tons. **
 * classified as a nerve agent
 * the most toxic and rapidly acting of the known chemical warfare agents
 * similar to certain kinds of insecticides called organophosphate
 * Sarin is much more potent than any insecticide
 * five hundred times more powerful than cyanide
 * The buildup of acetylcholine makes it impossible for muscles to relax in between neurological messages andthey go into a state of continual contraction.
 * The clinical effects include
 * runny nose, chest pain, shortness of breath, confusion, followed by vomiting, loss of bowel and bladder function, convulsions, loss of consciousness, and suffocation.



**Uses:**

 * It is used as a weapon. It is classified under chemical warfare. **
 * It was also used in several terrorist attacks and wars. Pretty much, it’s used as a killing agent and is mostly used for nothing beneficial to humans. The only importance of this compound is its lethal ability to kill. There are still certain groups that have been said to have used sarin to this day. The only use it really has is to use to kill. It has extremely fatal effects to humans. Just a small amount can be very harmful. That is why it has been banned by the UN since 1993. **

**Examples of uses:**

 * 1994: The Japanese religious sect Aum Shinrikyo released an impure form of sarin in Matsumoto, Nagano, killing eight people and harming over 200. (see Matsumoto incident)
 * 1995: Aum Shinrikyo sect released an impure form of sarin in the Tokyo Metro. Thirteen people died. (see Sarin gas attack on the Tokyo subway)
 * 1998: In the US, Time Magazine and CNN ran false news stories alleging that in 1970 U.S. Air Force A-1E Skyraiders engaged in a covert operation called Operation Tailwind, in which they deliberately dropped sarin-containing weapons on U.S. troops who had defected in Laos. CNN and Time Magazine later retracted the stories and fired the producers responsible.
 * 2004: Iraqi insurgents detonated a 155 mm shell containing binary precursors for sarin near a U.S. convoy in Iraq. The shell was designed to mix the chemicals as it spins during flight. The detonated shell released only a small amount of sarin gas, either because the explosion failed to mix the binary agents properly or because the chemicals inside the shell had degraded with age. Two United States soldiers were treated after displaying the early symptoms of exposure to sarin.
 * 21 August 2013: Sarin was used in an attack in the Ghouta region f the Rif Dimashq Governorate of Syria during the Syrian civil war. Varying sources gave a death toll of 322 to 1,729. ( "Sarin." //Wikipedia //. Wikimedia Foundation, 24 Dec. 2013. Web. 06 Jan. 2014. )

__ **Melting point:** __
-56 °C, 217 K, -69 °F

__ ** Boiling Point: ** __
158 °C, 431 K, 316 °F

**__ Density in natural state: __**
1.0887 g/cm cubed

** __ Where is it found? How is it obtained? How is it made?: __ **
Sarin is not found naturally in the environment. It is man-made chemical classified as a nerve agent. It can evaporate into a vapor and spread into the environment. It is a chiral molecule and i t is usually manufactured and weaponized as a racemic mixture—an equal mixture of both enantiomeric forms—by thealcoholysis reaction of methylphosphonyl difluoride with isopropyl alcohol. Sarin is not the type of gas you can make in the kitchen. It contains a lot of hydrogen fluoride which is terrible for humans and any surface or equipment. Also, combining the different chemicals needed for sarin are highly flammable. It is likely that there will be an explosive reaction.

** __ Structure: __ **
Percentage composition by Mass: Carbon: 13.043%. Hydrogen: 1.087%. Fluorine: 19.565%. Oxygen: 17.391%. Phosphorus: 48.913%. Percent composition by number: Carbon: 19.05%. Hydrogen: 47.62%. Fluorine: 4.76%. Oxygen: 9.52%. Phosphorus: 4.76%. "Sarin acts by inhibiting the enzyme acetylcholinesterase. Ordinarily, this proteins degrades acetylcholine released at the synaptic cleft. The acetylcholine activates nerve fibers that cause muscles to contract. If the neurotransmitter is not removed, the muscles don't relax. Sarin forms a covalent bond with the serine residue at the active site on the cholinesterase molecule, making it unable to bind to acetylcholine." ( "How Sarin Gas Works." About.com Chemistry . N.p., n.d. Web. 06 Jan. 2014. )


 * Atom count: 18 **
 * Bond count: 17 **
 * Cyclomatic number: 0 **
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #444444; font-family: Arial,Verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">Chain atom count: 8 **
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #444444; font-family: Arial,Verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">Chain bond count: 7 **
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #444444; font-family: Arial,Verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">Asymmetric atom count: 1 **
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #444444; font-family: Arial,Verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">Rotatable bond count: 2 **

__ ** Chemical/Physical Properties: ** __
2.9 mm Hg at 77°F (25°C) ||
 * Appearance: || Clear colorless liquid ||
 * Odor: || Odorless in pure form ||
 * Flammability: || Combustible ||
 * Flashpoint: || >536°F (>280°C) 172.4°F (78°C) (closed cup method) ||
 * Soluble In: || All solvents ||
 * Specific Gravity: || 1.089 ||
 * Vapor Pressure: || 2.1 mm Hg at 68°F (20°C)
 * Volatility: || 22,000 mg/m3 at 77°F (25°C) ||

( "Sarin - PubChem." Sarin - PubChem. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Jan. 2014.)
 * Rapidly hydrolyzed by dilute aqueous sodium hydroxide or sodium carbonate forming relatively non-toxic products
 * Hydrolyzed by water
 * G-agents are miscible in both polar and non polar solvents. They hydrolyze slowly in water at neutral or slightly acidic pH more rapidly under strong acid or alkaline conditions. The hydrolysis products are considerably less toxic than the original agent.
 * Although the G-angents are liquids under ordinary atmospheric conditions their relatively high volatility permits them to be disseminated in vapor form.
 * In the nerve as known as Sarin, one of the isopropoxy groups of diisopropylphosphorofluoridate (DFP), i replaced by a methyl group.
 * Henry's Law constant + 5.72x10-7 atm-m cu/mole at 25 deg C (est)
 * Hydroxyl radical reaction rate constant + 4.02x10-11 cu cm/molec-sec at 25 def C (est)

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #2a2a2a; display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 1.5; text-align: justify;">The most important chemical reactions of nerve agents take place directly at the phosphorus atom. The P-X bond is easily broken by nucleophilic reagents, such as water or hydroxyl ions (alkali). In aqueous solution at neutral pH the nerve agents decompose slowly, whereas the reaction is greatly accelerated following the addition of alkali. The result is a non-toxic phosphoric acid. ( "Nerve Agents: Introduction, Physical and Chemical Properties, Binary Technology, Mechanism of Action, Symptoms, Antidotes and Methods of Treatment." Nerve Agents: Introduction, Physical and Chemical Properties, Binary Technology, Mechanism of Action, Symptoms, Antidotes and Methods of Treatment. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Jan. 2014.)


 * = Overall Rating (scale from 1 to 10) ||
 * Effectiveness (as nerve agent): 7 || Field Stability: 6 ||
 * Persistence (open area): 6 || Storage stability: 8 ||
 * Persistence (enclosed area): 8 || Toxicity (as nerve agent): 7 ||
 * = Total Effectiveness (as a nerve agent): 7 ||
 * = Overall Toxicity (as warfare agent): 8 ||

Picture links

[|streetgazette.com]

[|thequietus.com]

[|www.securebio.co.uk]

__ http://coto2.files.wordpress.com/2010/05/chemtrails-military-hercules4chaff.jpg%3Fw%3D500 __

info

[]

[]

[|http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarin#History]

[]

[]

__ http://www.chemicalize.org/structure/#!mol=sarin __ []

__ http://www.opcw.org/about-chemical-weapons/types-of-chemical-agent/nerve-agents/ __

For Windows:

 * 1) Install the [|MDL Chime plug-in]
 * 2) Download a Chime file (.pdb)
 * 3) Upload your file
 * 4) Add Widget, Other HTML
 * 5) Paste in the following code: (be sure to change the "yourfilename.pdb" part to your actual file name)

<embed src="[]" align="baseline" border="2" width="160" height="160" display3d="ball&amp;stick" options3d="specular" startspin="true" spiny="180" spinz="180" color3d="cpk" />

For Mac:

 * 1) Upload your .pdb or .mol file and add to your page as an attachment.
 * 2) Direct users to save the file and open with [|iMol].