Chapter+11

Vocabulary: genetics- the scientific study of heredity fertilization- during sexual reproduction, male and females reproductive cells join true-breeding- produces offspring identical to themselves trait-specific characteristic hybrids- the offspring of crosses between parents with different traits genes- sequence of DNA that codes for a protein and thus determines a trait alleles- different forms of a gene segregation-seperation of alleles during gamete formation gametes- sex cells probability- the likelihood that a particular event will occur Punnet Square- the gene combination's that might result from a genetic cross homozygous- organisms that have two identical alleles for a particular trait-TT, tt heterozygous- organisms that have two different alleles for the same trait-Tt Phenotype- physical characteristics genotype- genetic makeup independent assortment- independent segregation of genes during the formation of gamates incomplete dominance- one allele is not completely dominant over another codominance- both alleles contribute to the phenotype multiple alleles- genes have more than two alleles polygenic traits- traits controlled by two or more genes homologous- each of the 4 chromosomes that came form the male parent has a corresponding chromosome fro the female parent diploid- a cell that contains both sets of homologous chromosomes haploid- single set of chromosomes meiosis- process of reproduction division in which the number of chromosomes per cell is cut in half through the separation of homologous chromosomes in a diploid cell tetrad- each chromosome pairs with its corresponding homoloogous chromosome crossing-over- homologous chromosomes exchange portions of their chromatids gene map- shows the reletive locations of each known gene